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For example:. This output shows that the ath driver located a wireless Ethernet device. The -k flag of man 1 can be used to provide useful information. For example, it can be used to display a list of manual pages which contain a particular device brand or name:. Once the hardware inventory list is created, refer to it to ensure that drivers for installed hardware are not removed as the custom kernel configuration is edited. In order to create a custom kernel configuration file and build a custom kernel, the full FreeBSD source tree must first be installed.
This directory contains a number of subdirectories, including those which represent the following supported architectures: amd64 , i , powerpc , and sparc Instead, copy the file to a different name and make edits to the copy. The convention is to use a name with all capital letters. The default editor is vi, though an easier editor for beginners, called ee, is also installed with FreeBSD.
The format of the kernel configuration file is simple. Each line contains a keyword that represents a device or subsystem, an argument, and a brief description.
Any text after a is considered a comment and ignored. To remove kernel support for a device or subsystem, put a at the beginning of the line representing that device or subsystem. Do not add or remove a for any line that you do not understand. It is easy to remove support for a device or option and end up with a broken kernel. For example, if the ata 4 driver is removed from the kernel configuration file, a system using ATA disk drivers may not boot. When in doubt, just leave support in the kernel.
Alternately, keep the kernel configuration file elsewhere and create a symbolic link to the file:. An include directive is available for use in configuration files. This allows another configuration file to be included in the current one, making it easy to maintain small changes relative to an existing file. If only a small number of additional options or drivers are required, this allows a delta to be maintained with respect to GENERIC , as seen in this example:.
As upgrades are performed, new features added to GENERIC will also be added to the local kernel unless they are specifically prevented using nooptions or nodevice. A comprehensive list of configuration directives and their descriptions may be found in config 5.
To build a file which contains all available options, run the following command as root :. Once the edits to the custom configuration file have been saved, the source code for the kernel can be compiled using the following steps:. Install the new kernel associated with the specified kernel configuration file. Shutdown the system and reboot into the new kernel. If something goes wrong, refer to The kernel does not boot.
By default, when a custom kernel is compiled, all kernel modules are rebuilt. For example, this variable specifies the list of modules to build instead of using the default of building all modules:. Additional variables are available. Refer to make. If config fails, it will print the line number that is incorrect. If make fails, it is usually due to an error in the kernel configuration file which is not severe enough for config to catch.
Review the configuration, and if the problem is not apparent, send an email to the FreeBSD general questions mailing list which contains the kernel configuration file. If the new kernel does not boot or fails to recognize devices, do not panic! Fortunately, FreeBSD has an excellent mechanism for recovering from incompatible kernels. Simply choose the kernel to boot from at the FreeBSD boot loader. This can be accessed when the system boot menu appears by selecting the "Escape to a loader prompt" option.
At the prompt, type boot kernel. After booting with a good kernel, check over the configuration file and try to build it again. Also, dmesg 8 will print the kernel messages from the current boot. When troubleshooting a kernel, make sure to keep a copy of GENERIC , or some other kernel that is known to work, as a different name that will not get erased on the next build. This is important because every time a new kernel is installed, kernel. As soon as possible, move the working kernel by renaming the directory containing the good kernel:.
To fix this, recompile and install a world built with the same version of the source tree as the kernel. It is never a good idea to use a different version of the kernel than the rest of the operating system.
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